You must have had a broken heart .
Westlife အဖြဲ႕ရဲ႕ သီခ်င္းစာသားေလးပါ။ ဒါကုိ နားလည္ဖုိ႕ ေအာက္က စာေတြ ဖတ္ၾကည္ ႔ရေအာင္။
Must ၏ Past ပုံစံမ်ား
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Must ရဲ႕ Past ပုံစံကုိသာ ေရးတာ ျဖစ္လုိ႔ Must နဲ႕ Have to အသုံး ကြာျခားခ်က္ ေတြကုိ ဒီမွာ မေရးေတာ႔ပါဘူး။ ရွာေဖြေတာ႔ ဖတ္ထား ေစခ်င္ ပါတယ္။
Must ( အပုိင္း (၁)
==============
(1) Must ကုိ မျဖစ္မေန လုပ္ရမယ္လုိ႔ ကုိယ့္စိတ္ထဲမွာ ထင္တဲ့ အခါသုံးပါတယ္။ ဒီေနရာမွာ Have to နဲ႔ တြဲျပီး မေလ့လာေသးေတာ့ ကုိယ့္စိတ္ထဲမွာ ဆိုတဲ့စကားက အေရးၾကီးတယ္။
ကမၻာေက်ာ္ သဒၵါစာအုပ္ေတြထဲမွာ ေျပာထားတာေလးေတြ ဖတ္ၾကည္႔ပါ ။
We use must to say that something is necessary.
( Grammar Time Book 3)
We use must when you think it is necessary to do something;
( Essential Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy )
We must do our homework.
ငါတုိ႕ အိမ္စာ လုပ္ရမယ္။
The windows are very dirty. I must clean them.
ျပတင္းေပါက္ေတြ ညစ္ပတ္ေနတာပဲ ။ သန္႕ရွင္းေရး လုပ္္ဦးမွ။
We must go to the bank today. We haven't got any money.
ပုိက္္ဆံ မရိွေတာ႔ဘူး။ ဘဏ္သြားမွ ျဖစ္မယ္။
You must always remember to bring everything you need for the class.
You must listen carefully when your teacher or a classmate is speaking.
Mary is a very interesting person. You must meet her.
My hands are very dirty. I must clean them.
You must learn to drive .It will be very useful.
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(2) must ကုိ စိတ္ထဲမွာ ေတာ္ေတာ္ေလး ေသခ်ာတယ္လုိ႕ ယူဆတယ္၊ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္ေျခ အရမ္းမ်ားတယ္ ထင္တဲ့ေနရာမွာေတြမွာ သုံးတယ္။
We can use must to say that you believe something is certain;( English Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy )
used for saying that you think something is probably true because nothing else seems possible (Macmillan English Dictionary)
ဥပမာ.သူငယ္ခ်င္းတစ္ေယာက္က ခင္ဗ်ားကုိေျပာတယ္ ဆုိပါစုိ႔ရယ္... ငါ့မွာသူငယ္ခ်င္း တစ္ေယာက္ ရိွတယ္၊ မင္းသမီးျဖစ္ခ်င္လုိ႕တဲ့။ အဲ့ဒီအခါမွာ သင္ကေျပာမယ္.. She must be beautiful. or She must be a beautiful girl. ဒီေနရာမွာ ဘာလုိ႕ Must ကုိသုံးလုိက္တာလည္း ဆုိေတာ့ အေပၚက နံပါတ္ (၁) လုိ မျဖစ္မေန လုပ္ရမယ္႔ ကိစၥမဟုတ္ဘူး။ ျမန္မာျပည္မွာ မင္းသမီးဆိုတာ ေခ်ာမွ ျဖစ္ႏုိ္င္တယ္လုိ႕ ထင္ျကေတာ သင္စိတ္ထဲမွာ ေခ်ာတာျဖစ္ႏုိင္တယ္လုိ႔ ရာခုိင္ႏႈန္း ေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ား ယူဆတဲ့အတြက္ Must ကုိသုံးလုိက္တယ္။ သူကုိလည္း မျမင္ဖူးဘူးေလ။ ျမင္ဖူးလုိ႕ ေခ်ာရင္ေတာ့ .She is beautiful. She is a beautiful girl.လုိ႕ ၁၀၀% ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာ ေျပာနုိင္တယ္။
အခုက 95 % ေလာက္ ေသခ်ာတဲ့ သေဘာေပါ့။
သူက BMW ကားအေကာင္းစားၾကီးထဲက ထြက္လာတယ္ ဆုိပါစုိ႕.. လူကလည္း အလန္းလြန္ ၊ အလြန္လန္း ၊ အေကာင္းစားအ၀တ္အစားနဲ႕ စိတ္ထဲကေန ..He must be a rich man. ဒါေပမဲ့ He is a rich man.လုိ႕ေျပာရေအာင္သူကုိ မသိဘူး၊ ငွားထားတာလည္း ျဖစ္ႏုိင္တာပဲ.စိတ္ထဲကေတာ့ အေျခအေနကုိၾကည့္ျပီး၉၅% ေလာက္ေတာ့ ေသခ်ာတယ္လုိ႕ တြက္ဆလုိက္တယ္။ .. He must be a rich man.လုိ႕။ ဘီလ္ဂိတ္တုိ႕၊ ျမန္မာျပည္က KBZ ပုိင္ရွင္ ဦးေအာင္ကုိ၀င္းတုိ႕လုိ လူေတြ ဆုိရင္ေတာ့ He is a rich man. လုိ႔ သုံးလုိက္မွာပဲ။ ၁၀၀% ေသခ်ာ သိေနတာကုိ။
You must be tired after your long journey.
Sue always travels business class, so she must be short of money.
Congratulations on passing your exam. You must be very pleased.
You're going on holiday next week. You must be looking forward to it.
ဒီေလာက္ဆုိရင္ Must ရဲ႕ အသုံးႏွစ္ခုကုိ ကြဲကြဲျပားျပား သေဘာေပါက္ေလာက္ပါျပီ။
ခရီးသြားတာ ဆုိမွေတာ့ ပင္ပန္းေနတာ ျဖစ္ရမယ္လုိ႕ ၉၅ % ေလာက္ေသခ်ာမႈကုိ ေျပာတာ။ မျဖစ္မေန ပင္ပန္းေပးရမယ္လုိ႕ ေျပာတာမဟုတ္ဘူး။ ပင္ပန္းခ်င္ရင္ ပင္ပန္းမယ္ ၊ မပင္ပန္းခ်င္ရင္ မပင္ပန္းဘူးေပါ..မျဖစ္မေန ပင္ပန္းေပးရမယ္ မဟုတ္ဘူး။ ျဖစ္ႏုိ္င္ေျခကုိ ခန္႕မွန္းတြက္ဆတာ။
Business class ႏွင့္ အျမဲခရီးသြားမွေတာ့ ပုိက္ဆံ ျပတ္ေနႏုိင္ဖုိ႕ အခြင့္အလမ္းက သိပ္မ်ားေနျပီေလ။ ဒါေပမဲ့ မျဖစ္မေန ျပတ္ရမယ္ေတာ့ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္ေခ် ေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားၾကီးကုိ ေျပာလုိက္တာ။
ကုိစပ္္စုစိန္ေပါ့ ။ သူက ဟုိစပ္စပ္ ဒီစပ္စပ္ရိွတယ္္ ဆုိပါစုိ႕ ။ Facebook မွာ အေၾကာင္းအရာ အသစ္ တစ္ခု ဆုိ သူက သိျပီးသား။ သူငယ္ခ်င္းက ကုိယ္္႔ကုိ အေၾကာင္းအရာ အသစ္ တစ္ခုေမးတယ္ဆုိရင္ ကုိယ္္စိတ္ထဲမွာ ေသခ်ာတာက ကုိစပ္စုစိန္ သိမယ္္ေပါ့ ။ သူကုိေမး သူသိတယ္။ ၁၀၀ % သူသိေနရမယ္္လုိ႕ ေတာ႔ မေျပာ ႏုိင္ဘူးေလ ။ သူက ကုိယ္မွ မဟုတ္တာ။ ဒီေတာ႔ . ေကာက္ခ်က္ခ်တယ္္..
He must know about it.
သူ ဒီအေၾကာင္းကုိ သိႏုိင္တယ္။
He probably knows about it.
၀ါက် အေျခအေန အေပၚမူတည္ျပီး အဓိပၸါယ္ ယူရမွာပါပဲ။ ဒီမွာက သူ သိကုိ သိရမယ္ ဆုိတာမ်ိဳး မဟုတ္ေတာ႔ဘူး။
(3) Must not / mustn't
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(A) We use must not/ mustn't to tell someone not to do something:
သူမ်ားကို မလုပ္ဖုိ႕ေျပာတာ ၊ တားျမစ္တာ.
Be quiet !
You must not talk in the library.
စာၾကည္႔တုိက္ထဲမွာ စကားမေျပာရ ပါဘူး။
You mustn't touch the pictures.
ဒီပန္းခ်ီကားေတြကုိ မထိရဘူး။
You mustn't eat or drink in the classroom.
စာသင္ခန္းထဲမွာ စားေသာက္လုိ႕ မရဘူး။
(B) It's necessary not to do it, it is the wrong thing to do.
အဟုတ္၀ါက်က မျဖစ္မေနလုပ္ရမယ္ ဆုိေတာ့၊ မဟုတ္၀ါက်က သူ႕ဆန္႕က်င္ဘက္ေပါ႔။
We mustn't be late. .
ငါတုိ႕ ေနာက္က်လုိ႕ မျဖစ္ဘူး။
ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႕ကုိ တားျမစ္တာ မဟုတ္ဘူး။
ဒီလုိ ေနာက္က်ရင္ မေကာင္းဘူး။ ဒါကုိ မလုပ္မိဖုိ႕ မျဖစ္မေနလုိအပ္တာ။
You mustn't be late. ဆုိ သူမ်ားကုိ တားျမစ္တာ။ မတူဘူး ။
ဒီေနရာမွာ အသုံးျပဳေသာ Person က အေရးၾကီးတယ္။
First Person . လား
Second Person လား
Third Person လား ဆုိတာကုိမူတည္ျပီး အဓိပၸါယ္ ေျပာင္းသြား တတ္ပါတယ္။
I mustn't forget to phone Julia.
ဒီႏွစ္ခုက အေသးစိတ္ မခြဲလည္း အဆင္ေျပပါတယ္။ သုံးတတ္ဖုိ႕က အဓိကပါ။
အႏွစ္ျပန္ခ်ဳပ္မယ္..
၁။ မျဖစ္မေနလုိအပ္ ..
၂။ ၉၅ % ေသခ်ာမႈ လုိ႕ မွတ္ထားရင္ အဆင္ေျပမယ္။
အျငင္းဆုိ၇င္
၃။ တားျမစ္
၄။ မလုပ္ဖုိ႕လုိအပ္.
ဒီလုိ ခြဲျခားထားမွ Must ရဲ႕ Past Tense ေတြကုိ ရွင္းလုိ႕ရမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Must .. (အပုိင္း - ၂ )
===============
Must မွာ Past Tense ရိွသလားဆုိေတာ့ မရိွဘူးလုိ႕ ေျဖထားတာ ကုိလည္း ေတြ႕ရတယ္။ သူေျပာတာလည္း မွန္တယ္ ။ဘာျဖစ္လုိ႕လည္းဆုိေတာ့
There is no past tense, but had to is used for saying that something was necessary in the past:. လုိ႕ Macmillan Dictionary နဲ႕ သဒၵါစာအုပ္ တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕မွာ ဆုိထားတယ္။ တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕စာအုပ္ေတြၾကေတာ့ အသုံးဘက္ကုိ ဦးစားေပးေတာ့ Past Tense of Must = had to လုိ႔ျပၾကတယ္။ ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ ယူဆခ်က္ေတာ့ must က အကူၾကိယာျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ သူအတြက္ Past ရဲ႕ရုပ္မရိွေပမဲ့ Had to လုိ႔သုံးတာကုိ Must ရဲ႕ Past tense လုိ႕ ဆုိလုိက္တာ ပုိလြယ္လိမ့္မယ္။ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႕က သုံးတတ္ဖုိ႕ကုိ ပုိဦးစားေပး ခ်င္တယ္။
We had to show our passports
ဒီအထိက ဘာျပသနာမွ မရိွပါဘူး။ အပုိင္း (၁) မွာ ေဆြးေႏြးခဲ့တဲ့ Must ရဲ႕အသုံး နံပါတ္ ၁ မျဖစ္မေနလုပ္ရမယ္၊ ျဖစ္ရမယ္ ၊ရိွရမယ္ဆုိတဲ့ Must ရဲ႕ Past Tense က Had to လုိ႕မွတ္တတ္ရမယ္။
We had to go to the bank yesterday.
အခု ဘဏ္ကုိ မျဖစ္မေနသြားရမယ္ဆုိရင္ I must .. အတိတ္က ပုိ္ကဆံမရိွလုိ႕မျဖစ္မေန သြားခဲ့ရေတာ့ Had to ..
I had to walk home last night last night. There were no buses.
မေန႕က မျဖစ္မေန လမ္းေလွ်ာက္ခဲ့ရေတာ့ Had to ..အခုဆုိရင္ ေတာ့ must ..
I had to leave early.
We had to have a permit to enter the park.
ဒီအခ်က္က လူတုိင္း နီးပါး သိလုိ႕ သိပ္မေျပာေတာ႔ပါဘူး။
Past Tense of Must = Had to ( ဘယ္ေနရာမွာလဲ .. မျဖစ္မေန လုပ္ဖုိ႕ လုိတဲ႔ ေနရာမွာ လုိ႔ အၾကမ္း မွတ္ႏုိင္ ပါတယ္။ )
နံပါတ္ (၂ ) အသုံး ၉၅% ေသျခာမႈလုိ႕ပဲဆုိရေအာင္ အဲ့လုိ Certain ; ျဖစ္တာရဲ႕ Past tense ပုံစံက Had to မရေတာ့ဘူး။ ဒါမုိ႕ Past tense of must = had to ဆုိတာ basic အဆင့္မွာ သိသင့္တဲ့အရာ။ ျပႆနာက အဲ့ဒီမွာ ေက်ာင္းသားေတြက ရပ္ေနတာပဲ။ ဆက္မသြားဘူး။ ဒီေတာ့ past tense of must = had to လုိ ပဲလူသိမ်ားတယ္။
Must Have + V3 လည္း သိဖုိ႕ရမယ္။
ပုဂံကုိသြားလည္တယ္....ျမိဳ႕၊ ဘုရားေတြကုိ ၾကည့္ျပီး ဒီမွာ လူေတြအမ်ားၾကီး aနခဲ့တာျဖစ္မယ္လုိ႕ ခန္႕မွန္းၾကည့္တယ္။ သမုိင္းစာအုပ္လည္း မဖတ္ဖူးေတာ့ ဆုိပါစုိ႕။ အေျခအေနတစ္ရပ္ အေပၚမူတည္ျပီး အတိတ္က ျဖစ္ခဲ့တာရဲ႕ ျဖစ္နုိင္ေျခကုိ ခန္႕မွန္းလုိက္တာ။
Many people lived in Bagan. (100% ေသျခာ) သမုိင္းဖတ္ဖူးသူ အဲ့လုိေျပာတယ္ဆုိ။ ကုိယ္က လူမ်ားစြာ ေနခဲ့တာ ျဖစ္မယ္လုိ႕ ခန္႕မွန္းမယ္။ အဲ့ဒီခန္႕မွန္းမႈ႕ကလည္း အေျခအေနအရပ္ရပ္ေပၚ ၾကည့္ျပီး ေတာ္ေတာ္ေသခ်ာ တဲ့အခါ Many people must have lived in Bagan. လုိ႕ ေျပာလုိက္ႏုိ္င္တယ္။ ဒီေတာ့ Must ရဲ႕ ေသျခာမႈ႕တစ္ခုရဲ႕ အတိတ္က
Must have + V3.
ဒီေလာက္နာမည္ၾကီးတဲ့ ဂတုံးအေၾကာင္းသိလား။ ( မႏွစ္က နာမည္ၾကီးသြားတဲ့ ျပည္က ကတုံး )
မင္းၾကားဖူးခဲ့ျပီးေလာက္ျပီေပါ့။ You must have heard about it.
ေနာက္ဥပမာတစ္ခု ထပ္ေပးမယ္။
အဖြားဓါတ္ပုံကုိ ျပတယ္။ အခုထိ အရြယ္က တင္ျပီးလွေနတယ္။ ငယ္ငယ္ကဆုိေတာ္ေတာ္ ေခ်ာခဲ့မွာေနာ္...အခုလွေနတာကုိ ၾကည့္ျပီး ေသခ်ာမႈ႕ကုိေျပာမယ္။
She must have been beautiful.
အရင္ကတည္းက သိတဲ့လူကေတာ့ She was beautiful when she was young. လုိ ၁၀၀% ေျပာလုိ႕ရတာေပါ့။
ရုပ္ရွင္ သိပ္ၾကိဳက္တဲ့ သူငယ္ခ်င္းရိွတယ္။ ဘယ္အခ်ိန္ေခၚေခၚမျငင္းဘူး။ ေခၚတုိင္းလုိက္ပဲ။ တစ္ရက္ကေခၚတယ္ ။မလုိက္ဘူးတဲ့ ။အဲ့ေတာ့ မင္းၾကည့္ျပီးျပီး ျဖစ္ရမယ္။ လုိ႕ သူအေၾကာင္းသိလုိ႕ ရာခုိင္ႏူန္းေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ား ခန္႕မွန္းႏုိင္တယ္။ ဒီေတာ့
You must have watched that film./ movie.
They must have gone out.
You must have dropped it somewhere.
- ပုိရွင္းေအာင္ ခြဲၾကည္႔ရေအာင္.. Verb to be ဆုိရင္ ျဖစ္တာ ၊ တစ္ေနရာရာမွာ ရိွတာ ၊ ေရာက္ေနတာ .
ဒါက ကုိယ္က သိျပီးသား အခ်က္ ။
He is a doctor.
He is handsome.
He is in the class.
ဒါက အခ်က္အလက္ ၊ အေျခအေနေပၚ ေကာက္ခ်က္ဆြဲ ၊ ၉၅ % ေလာက္ ေသခ်ာတာမ်ိဳး
He must be a doctor.
He must be handsome.
He must be in the class.
အဲ့ဒီလုိ ၉၅ % ရဲ႕ အတိတ္ .
He must have been a doctor.
He must have been handsome.
He must have been in the class.
- Verb to do နဲ႕ ဆုိရင္ .. ထားပါေတာ႔ Know ကုိ သုံးၾကည္မယ္.
He knows about this.
He must know about this.
He must have known about this.
- Verb to have ဆုိရင္
He has
He must have
He must have had .
- The grass is wet. ျမက္စုိေနတယ္။ ( ၁၀၀ % သိျပီးသား အခ်က္ )
It must have rained last night. မေန႕ညက မုိးရြာ ခဲ့တာ ျဖစ္မွာပဲ ။
ဒီေတာ႔ ... Must ေကာ Have + V3 ပါေနေပမယ္႔ သူက Past Tense အဆင္႔ပါ။ ဘာနဲ႕ ညီမ်ွလဲဆုိေတာ႔
It probably rained last night. သေဘာပါပဲ။
It rained last night. ဆုိရင္ ကုိယ္္က 100 % သိျပီးသား အခ်က္ပါ။
- Tony's lights are out.
Tony ရဲ႕ အခန္းမီးေတြ ပိတ္ထားတယ္။
He must have gone to sleep.
သူ အိပ္ေပ်ာ္ သြားခဲ့ျပီ ျဖစ္မွာပဲ။
အခုဟာက အတိတ္က အေျခအေန တစ္ရပ္ကုိ ေကာက္ခ်က္ဆြဲ ျပီးေျပာတာမ်ိဳး။
He probably went to sleep.
- Jane did well on the exam.
He must have studied hard.
He probably studied hard.
- Sandra failed the test.
She must not have studied hard.
She probably did not study.
သူမ စာမက်က္ခဲ့လုိ႕ ျဖစ္မွာပဲ။
- သူမစာက်က္လား မက်က္လား ကုိယ္ မသိေပမယ္႔ ၊ စာေမးပြဲ က်တယ္ဆုိေတာ႔ အတိတ္မွာ စာမက်က္ခဲ့တာ ျဖစ္မယ္ ဆုိျပီး ထင္ေသာ ၊ သိျပီးေသာ အခ်က္မွ ဆြဲယူ ရရိွသည္႔ ( Conclusion ) နိဂုံး၀ါက် ပုံစံပါ။
နံပါတ္ (၃ )
တားျမစ္တယ္..ရဲ႕ Past ပုံစံ က ... was/ were not allowed
You must not go there .
မင္းအဲ့ကုိ မသြားရဘူး။
I was not allowed to go there.
ကၽြန္ေတာ္႔ကုိ သြားခြင့္ မေပးခဲ့ဘူး။
You must not paint the wall.
You were not allowed to paint the wall.
စသည့္ျဖင့္......
- အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ -
(1) necessary. ရဲ႕ အဓိပၸါယ္နဲ႕ ဆုိရင္ Past Tense က Had to
(2) 95 % ေသခ်ာတာမ်ိဳး ( certain ) ဆုိရင္ Must have + V3 ( Past Participle )
(3) တားျမစ္တာ တာဆုိရင္ .. was/ were not + allowed .
Must အပုိင္း (၃)
===========
ေနာက္တစ္ခု သိထားရမွာက reported speech must ကေန Had to ေျပာင္းမွာလား မေျပာင္းရဘူးလားဆုိတာပဲ။
Quirk (A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, Longman, 1985) ဆုိတဲ့ နာမည္ၾကီး သဒၵါစာအုပ္ၾကီးႏွင့္ Collins COBUILD မွ စာမ်ားကုိ ေလ့လာမိေစရန္ တင္ေပးလုိက္ပါသည္။
(A) He told them again that they had to learn to love each other.
However, the alternative way to express this kind of sentence keeps the modal must in its present form:
(B)He told them again that they must learn to love each other.
In fact, Quirk (A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, Longman, 1985) states:
In its obligational sense... the past of must may be replaced (italics added) by had to in indirect speech:
His parents told him that he must/had to be in by ten that night.
So, this reliable reference tells us that both must and had to are properly used in this kind of sentence. In addition, we see authentic examples of both in current use in the Collins COBUILD .
Of the first 40 examples in each of the following searches, we found:
1) the reporting verb “said,” appears with “had to” in the dependent clause following it 25 times, as in these examples:
The survey said actors, models and musicians had to…
…Nick Partridge said that more had to be done to reach people…
2) the reporting verb “said” appears with the “must” of obligation following it 11 times, as in these examples:
Lord Mackay’s letter said that judges must act and must be allowed to continue…
We said that these two assumptions must be tested before any of the…
3) the reporting verb “told” appears with “had to” in the dependent clauses following it 30 times, as in these examples:
…teleconference panelists told callers that they had to help improve the…
…damage the blood vessel walls, and told her that she had to limit her intake…
4) the reporting verb “told” appears with the “must” of obligation following it 19 times, as in these examples:
…at Arlington Cemetery. There he told Americans that they must…
The letter told Morgan that he must clear all his…
Had to appears almost twice as frequently as must in these dependent clauses following the reporting verbs said and told. This suggests that had to is indeed more common than must in the dependent clause, as in the example question. However, must seems to be retained in more often when it represents a strong moral, ethical, or legal obligation, more than it is for an “every day” one.
